
If I may, I would like to make the distinction between data coalitions, that is to say people pooling data in a way that is useful to all of the members, versus the aggregation of data. It is possible for multiple players, stakeholders or communities to join a data coalition without sharing any of the raw data. There exists a kind of technology called zero-knowledge technology that allows people to prove that they can do something, or they are in possession of this knowledge, or that this community can respond to this kind of query, without revealing any of the personal, identifiable information underneath.